Mandrills are the world largest monkeys with complex social hierarchies. Zoo management of their social dynamics and behavioral needs is critical for good welfare.
Mandrill welfare in captivity is strongly influenced by social group composition and management of dominance hierarchies. Single-male groups with multiple females and offspring are the most commonly managed zoo configuration, though larger mixed-sex groups better reflect natural social complexity where facilities allow. Dominant males require monitoring for excessive aggression toward subordinate males and females. Subordinate animals must have consistent access to food and refuges away from dominant individuals. Foraging enrichment is critical for this omnivorous species that spends significant natural activity time searching for fruits, roots, and invertebrates. Behavioral monitoring using standardized ethograms allows early detection of social problems before they escalate to injury. Keeper training using positive reinforcement supports voluntary veterinary care cooperation and reduces handling stress.