Tilapia is the third most farmed fish globally. Welfare research is informing improvements in stocking density, temperature management, and slaughter practices.
Tilapia welfare has received less research attention than salmonid species despite greater production volumes. Their tolerance of variable conditions does not mean they do not experience stress — research clearly demonstrates physiological and behavioral stress responses to crowding, poor water quality, and handling. Temperature management is particularly important as cold water temperatures that might seem benign cause immobility and physiological impairment that constitutes a welfare concern when used for handling purposes. Sex reversal through hormonal treatment to produce all-male populations for growth efficiency represents an emerging welfare ethics question as the practice is widespread and its welfare implications are poorly characterized. Pre-slaughter stunning welfare for tilapia varies by facility — developing and implementing humane slaughter protocols represents an important industry improvement opportunity.