Duck stocking density in production systems significantly affects behavioral welfare outcomes, with lower densities supporting more natural behavior and positive welfare indicators.
Duck stocking density research consistently demonstrates that lower densities produce measurable welfare improvements across multiple indicators. Preening behavior — critical for feather waterproofing — requires adequate space and water access. Exploratory behavior indicating positive affect increases at lower densities. Fear responses decrease. Foot health improves on appropriate substrates at appropriate densities. These findings support certification standards that specify maximum stocking densities alongside water access requirements. Consumer choice of certified duck products creates market incentives for producers to maintain welfare-optimal conditions.