Gestation crates confine pregnant sows individually and restrict movement. Group housing systems offer significant welfare improvements and are now required or preferred in many regions.
Confinement in gestation crates causes severe physical and psychological welfare problems for sows. Restricted movement leads to muscle weakness, joint pain, and stereotypic behaviors like bar-biting. Group housing systems allow sows to exercise, socialize, and forage, dramatically improving welfare. Transitioning to group housing requires management changes to reduce aggression, but the welfare benefits are well-documented and substantial.