Tortoises are among the longest-lived companion animals and have complex husbandry needs. Understanding their requirements is essential for welfare across their decades-long lives.
Tortoise welfare failures are common due to the gap between their complex needs and the simplicity implied by their reputation as low-maintenance pets. Metabolic bone disease from inadequate UVB or diet causes painful skeletal deformities. Improper hibernation — either preventing hibernation in obligate hibernators or hibernating unhealthy animals — causes death. The multigenerational commitment of tortoise ownership requires provisions in wills for animal care after owner death. Tortoises need outdoor access, appropriate diet, and correct hibernation protocols to achieve good welfare over their very long lives.