Commercial turkeys have been selectively bred for rapid growth and large breast muscle to a degree that causes chronic lameness, cardiovascular disease, and inability to reproduce naturally.
The bodies of commercial turkeys have been shaped by selection pressure for maximum meat yield to a degree incompatible with basic welfare. Birds experience chronic leg pain, cardiovascular stress, and cannot engage in natural mating behavior. Slower-growing breeds developed specifically for welfare outcomes are now available for specialty markets. The welfare of commercial turkeys can only be fundamentally improved through changes to breeding goals — a systemic challenge requiring industry and regulatory engagement.