European hedgehogs are declining rapidly in rural areas while persisting in gardens. Understanding their welfare needs helps both garden visitors and captive owners provide appropriate care.
Hedgehog welfare spans two distinct populations with different needs. Wild European hedgehogs are declining rapidly and need habitat support: connected gardens through hedgerow gaps, reduction of pesticide use that removes their insect prey, and elimination of garden hazards. Captive African pygmy hedgehogs, popular as pets, need large, enriched enclosures with exercise wheels (running several kilometers nightly is normal for hedgehogs), appropriate temperature (hypothermia is a serious risk in temperate climates for tropical-origin species), and veterinary care from exotic animal specialists. The welfare needs of wild hedgehog garden visitors can be supported with food, water, and appropriate habitat features without creating dependency. Hedgehogs found out in daylight during summer almost always require veterinary intervention.