Seabirds face multiple human-caused threats including bycatch, pollution, and climate change. Their long lives and slow reproduction make population recovery challenging.
Seabird welfare intersects strongly with conservation. Individual suffering from bycatch, plastic ingestion, and entanglement is widespread, while population-level threats jeopardize entire species. Tori lines, circle hooks, and bycatch mitigation measures have proven effective at reducing seabird deaths in fisheries and deserve broader adoption.