Atlantic halibut farming presents specific welfare challenges related to the species bottom-dwelling nature, sensitivity to light and crowding, and slow growth rate that creates economic pressure for high-density production.
Halibut welfare in aquaculture is complicated by the species unique biology and sensory requirements. As benthic (bottom-dwelling) fish, halibut naturally position themselves on the seafloor — net pen environments without appropriate substrate may prevent this fundamental postural need. Their sensitivity to light requires careful management of photoperiod and light intensity. The metamorphosis that juvenile halibut undergo from bilateral larvae to flatfish is associated with significant mortality and potential suffering during developmental failure. High stocking density is particularly problematic for halibut as competitive interactions prevent subordinate individuals from resting on the bottom surface. The combination of behavioral restriction and competitive exclusion from preferred positions represents ongoing welfare compromise in intensive halibut production. Welfare-conscious halibut farming requires lower stocking densities and tank designs that accommodate the species bottom-dwelling preferences.