An estimated 100 million horses, donkeys, and mules work in developing countries under conditions that often cause significant welfare compromise. International welfare programs address these challenges while respecting cultural context.
Working equid welfare in developing countries requires understanding the deep interconnection between animal welfare and human livelihood. These animals are not companions whose owners can choose higher welfare at higher cost — they are essential economic assets for families living in poverty, where veterinary care may be unaffordable and welfare knowledge limited. Effective welfare improvement in these contexts requires practical, low-cost interventions: correct harness fitting to prevent sores, basic farriery skills to maintain hoof health, early recognition of pain and disease, and access to affordable treatment. Organizations like Brooke and SPANA have demonstrated that animal welfare improvement in these communities also improves human wellbeing — healthy animals work better, live longer, and provide more reliable livelihoods. The "One Welfare" framework is particularly relevant here.