Long-distance livestock transport is a major welfare concern affecting millions of animals annually, with journey duration being a critical factor in welfare outcomes.
Livestock transport welfare science consistently shows that journey duration is among the most important determinants of animal welfare outcome. Long journeys cause progressive welfare deterioration through dehydration, exhaustion, thermal stress and injury from movement and aggression. Current regulations in many countries permit journey durations that exceed welfare thresholds established by scientific research. Slaughter at or near the farm of origin represents the most welfare-positive approach, eliminating transport stress entirely. Where transport is unavoidable, shorter journeys, appropriate stocking densities, rest, food and water provision, and trained handlers significantly improve outcomes.