Carp are the most widely farmed fish globally by volume, and welfare improvements in carp aquaculture require attention to stocking density, water quality, and the severe stress of harvest operations.
Carp welfare has received far less scientific and regulatory attention than that of salmon or trout, despite carp being farmed in vastly greater volumes. The harvest and live transport phases are likely to involve the greatest acute welfare harm, with crowding at harvest causing oxygen depletion, crushing, and extreme physiological stress. Live transport practices in some markets involve carrying fish in minimal water volumes for extended periods. The lower profile of carp in welfare science creates knowledge gaps about species-specific welfare indicators and optimal management practices. Growing recognition of fish sentience is beginning to extend to carp, with some regulatory frameworks starting to include basic welfare requirements for harvest and transport. Consumer markets that demand welfare certification can accelerate improvement.