The evidence base for farrowing system welfare outcomes is growing rapidly, comparing conventional crates with free farrowing systems and temporary confinement alternatives.
The farrowing crate welfare debate is among the most contested in farm animal science, precisely because the welfare interests of sows and piglets are in tension. Farrowing crates protect piglets from crushing but impose severe movement restriction on sows during a period of high physical and psychological demand. The evidence now supports that well-designed free farrowing systems can achieve comparable piglet survival to crated systems while dramatically improving sow welfare. The transition requires investment in improved pen design, enhanced stockmanship, and farmer training — not simply removing crates. The EU phase-out scheduled for 2033 provides a policy framework, but the welfare science must guide design standards. Systems that genuinely serve both sow and piglet welfare are achievable.