As zoo lion lifespans have increased through improved management, geriatric welfare including arthritis management, dental disease, and end-of-life decision-making has become a critical care domain.
Geriatric zoo lion welfare requires proactive pain management programs beginning in middle age, before clinical signs of disease become obvious. Annual health assessments including radiographic screening for joint disease, dental examination under anaesthesia, and validated pain scoring allow early intervention. The quality of life assessment for geriatric lions must incorporate social factors — a lion with well-managed pain who maintains social relationships has better welfare than one in a high medical management program without social engagement. Institutions need clear, communicated criteria for euthanasia decisions that centre animal welfare above other considerations.