Feline Immunodeficiency Virus: Living Well with FIV

FIV-positive cats can live long, healthy lives with appropriate care, and understanding the disease prevents unnecessary euthanasia and improves welfare for millions of cats.

Key Facts

FIV is estimated to infect 1.5-3% of domestic cats globally; prevalence is higher in free-roaming cats
FIV is transmitted primarily through deep bite wounds; casual contact and sharing food bowls pose minimal risk
FIV-positive cats may not show clinical signs for years or decades after infection
Indoor-only housing and prevention of bite injuries dramatically reduce transmission risk
FIV-positive cats can be safely housed with FIV-negative cats if they are non-aggressive
An FIV vaccine was previously available in North America but was withdrawn due to efficacy concerns

Welfare Considerations

FIV stigma causes enormous preventable welfare harm: FIV-positive cats are disproportionately euthanized in shelters and rarely adopted, despite evidence that most can live for many years with normal quality of life. The biology of FIV parallels HIV: the virus suppresses immune function gradually, with most cats experiencing long asymptomatic periods before any clinical signs develop. Veterinary guidance has evolved significantly — previous recommendations to isolate or euthanize FIV-positive cats are no longer supported by evidence. Key welfare considerations are preventing secondary infections through routine vaccination and veterinary monitoring, maintaining good nutrition, and providing enriched indoor environments. Shelter policies that separate and deprioritize FIV-positive cats for adoption directly harm these animals.

What You Can Do

Consider adopting an FIV-positive cat — most live normally for many years
Ask your shelter about their FIV testing and adoption policies
Ensure FIV-positive cats receive regular veterinary care including monitoring for secondary infections
Neuter male cats to reduce fight injuries that transmit FIV in free-roaming populations