Carnivores in zoos have evolved complex hunting behaviours that are suppressed by captivity; evidence-based enrichment can restore positive behavioural states and improve welfare significantly.
Captive carnivores present some of the most significant welfare challenges in zoo management. Animals evolved to hunt, patrol large territories, and engage in complex social or solitary behaviour are housed in relatively small enclosures and provided pre-killed food. Without appropriate enrichment, stereotypic pacing, lethargy, and over-grooming are common welfare indicators. Evidence-based enrichment programs that engage hunting motivation, exploratory behaviour, and cognitive challenge can dramatically improve welfare. The best zoo carnivore facilities combine large, complex enclosures with rotating enrichment, positive reinforcement training, and keeper relationship programs. These approaches demonstrate that good welfare and good visitor experience are mutually reinforcing rather than competing goals.