Welfare considerations in duck meat production and the case for higher-welfare alternatives.
Duck welfare in commercial meat production illustrates how species-specific needs can be systematically denied by intensive systems. Ducks are evolutionarily adapted to aquatic environments and have strong motivations to immerse their heads, preen with water, and bathe. Denying these behaviors causes frustration and physical welfare consequences including eye infections, feather deterioration, and nasal blockages. The welfare improvement available through providing even modest open water access — a trough or small pond — is substantial and achievable at acceptable cost. Consumer demand for welfare-labeled duck products is a meaningful lever for change.