Welfare considerations for captive crocodilians in zoos, farms, and private collections, addressing thermal, spatial, and behavioral needs.
Crocodilian welfare in captivity requires thermal management as the foundational element. Without appropriate temperature gradients — warm basking areas and cooler water — crocodilians cannot regulate their body temperature, digestive function, or immune response. Space requirements increase significantly with body size, and overcrowding causes chronic aggression and injury. Crocodile farming for leather products often involves high-density housing and welfare-concerning slaughter methods. Zoo crocodilian welfare has improved significantly with understanding of behavioral and cognitive needs.