Heat stress causes substantial suffering and production losses in cattle, with well-established mitigation strategies that improve welfare and profitability.
Cattle experiencing heat stress show behavioral signs of distress including bunching in shade, standing in water, and reduced rumination. Physiologically, they suffer from elevated heart rates, respiratory distress, acidosis, and suppressed immune function. For pregnant cows, heat stress during the dry period impairs calf development and subsequent lactation. While some heat stress is unavoidable in hot climates, the combination of shade, forced ventilation, and soaking can reduce THI by 8-12 units, substantially improving animal welfare. These investments also have clear financial returns through improved production.