How water quality management affects tilapia welfare in intensive aquaculture systems.
The welfare of farmed tilapia has historically received less attention than salmon or trout, partly because tilapia are perceived as hardy and low-maintenance. However, tilapia are sentient fish capable of stress responses, pain, and fear, and intensive production creates conditions that chronically compromise their welfare. High stocking densities, elevated ammonia, and low dissolved oxygen are welfare threats that also suppress growth and increase disease susceptibility. Recirculating aquaculture systems with precise water quality monitoring can significantly improve tilapia welfare compared to traditional pond or cage culture when managed appropriately.