Dairy cow welfare is strongly linked to adequate lying time and freedom from lameness. Meeting these fundamental needs requires appropriate housing, flooring, and management.
Adequate lying time is a fundamental welfare need for dairy cows that is frequently compromised in intensive systems. When cows cannot lie down comfortably for sufficient time, they show increased standing, reluctance to transition between lying and standing, and elevated stress indicators. Lameness — itself largely preventable through appropriate flooring and hoof trimming programs — causes chronic pain and dramatically reduces quality of life. Investment in high-quality cubicle bedding, appropriate stocking densities, regular foot inspection, and pasture access where feasible brings significant welfare benefits and generally also improves production efficiency.