Chimpanzees are among the most socially complex and cognitively sophisticated animals kept in zoos, and meeting their welfare needs requires careful management of group dynamics, space, and psychological enrichment.
The cognitive complexity of chimpanzees means their welfare needs go far beyond basic physical requirements. They experience boredom, frustration, grief, and excitement — states that zoo management must actively address. Inadequate space, social instability, lack of agency and choice, and monotonous environments are major welfare concerns. Innovative zoos provide large connected habitats with outdoor access, complex climbing structures, hidden foraging opportunities, and stable social groups. Research at sanctuaries and some zoos shows that chimps in enriched environments show lower rates of abnormal repetitive behaviours and higher rates of positive social interaction. The ethics of keeping great apes in captivity remains highly contested.