Rhinoceros species in zoos play important conservation roles through breeding programmes, but their welfare requirements for space, substrate, and social management are substantial.
Rhinoceros welfare in captivity is challenged by the large space requirements, substrate needs, and social management complexity of these impressive animals. Foot problems from inadequate substrate or lack of appropriate foot care are common and cause chronic pain. Social incompatibility between individual rhinos creates management complexity, particularly for males that cannot be safely housed together. Well-managed facilities invest in appropriate substrate, regular foot care, mud wallow access, and creative enrichment to meet welfare needs. Conservation breeding programmes add purpose to captive populations, but welfare must remain the primary daily concern alongside conservation goals.