Turbot aquaculture in European tank systems raises welfare concerns from high stocking densities, handling stress, and the suitability of intensive production for this demersal flatfish species.
Turbot welfare in intensive tank systems is compromised by the contrast between natural low-density demersal existence and crowded tank conditions. Social interactions including competition for substrate and resting space increase stress in high-density systems. Handling during grading and transfer causes acute stress responses. The controlled environment of recirculating systems allows good water quality management but does not compensate for fundamental overcrowding. Welfare improvements including lower stocking densities, appropriate substrate provision, and minimised unnecessary handling would significantly benefit turbot welfare in commercial production.