Turbot is farmed intensively in recirculating systems. High stocking densities and specific husbandry requirements create significant welfare challenges that the industry is beginning to address.
Turbot welfare research is less advanced than for salmon, but evidence points to significant welfare compromise in high-density production. Their flat body plan means floor space is the key resource — crowding beyond biological limits causes stress, aggression, and injury. High ammonia and CO2 levels in poorly managed RAS cause physiological stress detectable through cortisol measurement. The premium price of turbot suggests that welfare improvement investments could be absorbed without catastrophic economic impact, making it a good candidate for welfare certification development. Consumer demand for welfare labelling in high-value seafood may be the most effective lever for change.