Primates in zoos have complex cognitive and social needs. Evidence-based enrichment and habitat design are essential for preventing welfare deficits in captive populations.
Primate welfare in captivity is particularly demanding because primates have evolved sophisticated cognitive and social capacities that zoos struggle to fully engage. A cognitively complex animal in an impoverished environment experiences a welfare deficit that cannot be disguised by cleanliness or physical health. The growing body of primate welfare science has produced validated welfare assessment tools that move beyond simple observation of stereotypic behavior to assess positive welfare states. Zoos committed to primate welfare must invest in continuous enrichment programs, compatible social groups, and training that gives primates genuine behavioral choices.