The systems in which sows give birth and nurse piglets have major welfare implications for both mothers and offspring, with ongoing debate about confinement versus free-farrowing.
Farrowing crates prevent sows from performing the strong motivation to build a nest before birth, causing significant frustration and distress. Confinement for 3-5 weeks prevents sows from turning around, interacting fully with piglets, or performing natural behaviours. Free-farrowing systems are welfare improvements but require more careful management. The welfare of piglets must also be considered, as crushing is a real mortality risk in poorly designed alternatives.