Long-distance transport of farm animals is a major welfare concern, with research consistently showing that journey time limits and rest requirements are critical protective measures.
Long-distance transport subjects animals to multiple simultaneous welfare insults: social disruption, unfamiliar environments, extremes of temperature, vibration, and extended food and water deprivation. Mortality during transport, while rare in percentage terms, represents significant absolute numbers given the volumes involved. Reducing journey times, improving vehicle standards, and requiring welfare-trained drivers are the most impactful interventions.