Zero-grazing dairy systems confine cows year-round indoors without pasture access. Evidence shows significant welfare costs compared to pasture-based systems, including higher lameness rates and reduced behavioral expression.
Zero-grazing systems prioritize production efficiency and land use intensity but impose significant welfare costs. The ability to walk on grass, graze, and express full locomotor behavior is a genuine welfare benefit that pasture provides. Studies consistently show pasture-access cows are healthier, have better hoof condition, and show more positive behavioral states. Where pasture access is feasible, it represents one of the most meaningful welfare improvements available in dairy.