Outdoor farrowing systems allow sows to express natural nesting behaviors before birth, providing significant welfare benefits over confinement systems while requiring careful management for piglet survival.
The farrowing crate represents one of the most severe welfare compromises in pig production. A sow's inability to turn around for weeks, her inability to perform nesting behaviors before birth, and the frustration of maternal instincts are well-documented sources of suffering. Outdoor farrowing represents the gold standard alternative, providing environments where sows can express their full behavioral repertoire. The management challenge is real - piglet mortality from crushing is the primary welfare risk in outdoor systems, requiring well-designed huts and attentive stockmanship. Research shows that providing good nesting material reduces crushing by allowing sows to build effective nest structures. The welfare case for outdoor farrowing is strong; the challenge is economic viability in competitive pork markets.