International frameworks for animal welfare are developing but remain fragmented; understanding the global policy landscape helps advocates work effectively for change.
International animal welfare standards face a fundamental tension: strong welfare standards in progressive countries create competitive disadvantages against imports from countries with weaker standards. This dynamic can drive welfare standards downward or prevent improvement. OIE standards provide minimum baselines for internationally traded animals but lack enforcement mechanisms. The EU approach of setting standards and applying them to imports regardless of origin represents the most effective model for exporting welfare improvements, but requires political commitment to enforce against trading partners.