Hundreds of millions of donkeys and mules provide essential labor in low-income communities worldwide. Their welfare is chronically compromised by overwork, poor nutrition, and inadequate veterinary care.
Working donkeys represent a welfare challenge intertwined with poverty and economic necessity. Interventions that are culturally sensitive and economically viable for their owners are most effective. Simple improvements in harness fit, hoof care, and watering can dramatically reduce suffering. The donkey hide trade for ejiao production represents an additional acute welfare and conservation crisis.