Mountain lions face increasing conflict with human development, leading to lethal removal of individuals that prey on livestock or enter suburban areas.
Mountain lions that kill livestock face lethal removal even when the conflict results from habitat loss forcing them into closer contact with humans. Many jurisdictions permit shooting of 'nuisance' animals based on single incidents, regardless of whether non-lethal deterrents were attempted. Trophy hunting subjects mountain lions to pursuit by dogs, stress, and death for recreational purposes. Road mortality is a significant welfare concern - high-speed road crossings kill many animals annually, and survivors of vehicle strikes often die slowly from injuries. Wildlife crossing infrastructure and non-lethal livestock protection are more humane approaches.