The farrowing crate - a metal cage that confines sows completely during and after birth - is one of the most controversial practices in intensive pig farming, debated on welfare grounds for both sow and piglets.
Farrowing crates create a profound welfare dilemma. Sows are highly motivated to build nests before farrowing - they will work extensively to obtain nesting material even when housed on bare concrete. Frustration of this strong drive causes distress. Complete confinement for 4-5 weeks around farrowing prevents all natural movement and social behavior. However, free-farrowing carries genuine welfare risks for piglets from crushing. The resolution lies not in maintaining crates but in developing well-designed free-farrowing systems that protect piglets while allowing sow movement - a transition that requires investment and skill but demonstrably improves sow welfare without unacceptable increases in piglet mortality.