Assessing bird welfare in captivity requires understanding species-specific behavioral needs, as birds can mask illness and distress until welfare is severely compromised.
Birds are often underestimated as sentient beings with complex social and behavioral needs. Assessment tools now include behavioral sampling protocols, feather condition scoring, and flight opportunity metrics. Many older zoo aviaries fail to meet modern welfare standards for space, social housing, and foraging complexity. Progressive zoos are redesigning exhibits around flight and natural behavior.