Evidence-based catch-and-release practices can dramatically reduce post-release mortality in recreational fishing. Following these practices is a welfare responsibility for all anglers.
Catch-and-release welfare is determined by the cumulative effect of multiple handling decisions, each of which adds to or reduces post-release survival and the experience of the fish during capture. An angler who fights a fish to exhaustion on light tackle, removes it for a lengthy photo session, handles it with dry hands that strip protective mucus, and releases it without revival in warm water has created a catch-and-release experience that causes significant welfare harm even if the fish initially swims away. Best practices that minimize air exposure, use appropriate tackle for quick fights, keep fish in water as much as possible, and use proper revival techniques represent an ethical obligation for those who choose to practice this fishing style.