How limited genetic diversity in purebred dog populations drives inherited disease and how diversity can be restored to improve welfare.
The welfare crisis in purebred dog breeding is simultaneously widespread and preventable. Millions of dogs live shortened, pain-affected lives as a direct consequence of breeding practices that prioritize appearance over health. The genetic basis of many breed-specific diseases is well understood, and the tools to reduce their prevalence exist - what is missing is sufficient regulatory and cultural change. Kennel club reform, mandatory health testing before breeding, and consumer education about breed-associated health problems are all necessary components of meaningful reform. Every dog born with a preventable genetic disease represents a welfare failure that better breeding practice could have avoided.