Sow welfare in modern pig farming centers on the debate over gestation crates versus alternative housing systems that allow natural behaviors.
Gestation crates represent one of the most significant animal welfare concerns in modern agriculture. Confined sows cannot turn around, walk, or engage in natural behaviors like rooting and nest-building. This extreme restriction causes physical deterioration including muscle weakness, joint problems, and pressure sores, as well as psychological suffering evidenced by stereotypic behaviors like bar-biting. Research consistently shows that sows in well-managed group housing have better welfare outcomes, though group systems require careful management to minimize aggression. The transition to alternative systems is an important step toward meaningful welfare improvement for millions of sows worldwide.