Whale and dolphin watching can be conducted responsibly or harmfully, with welfare-based guidelines determining whether wildlife benefits or suffers from tourism.
The welfare impact of whale watching ranges from minimal (distant observation from stationary vessels with engines off) to significant (persistent pursuit, close approach, feeding, or swim-with programs). Cetaceans disturbed during foraging, resting, or nursing lose time for essential activities. Cumulative disturbance from multiple boats is more harmful than single encounters. Consumer choice of responsible operators and jurisdictions with strong regulations determines whether whale watching helps or harms the animals.