Copper Deficiency in Sheep: Effects and Prevention

Copper deficiency causes swayback in lambs and ill-thrift in sheep, with welfare impacts ranging from neurological damage to impaired immunity.

Key Facts

Swayback (enzootic ataxia) in newborn lambs results from copper deficiency during pregnancy
Affected lambs show hindlimb weakness, inability to stand, and neurological signs at or shortly after birth
Secondary copper deficiency occurs when high molybdenum or sulfur in pasture blocks copper absorption
Blood and liver copper levels confirm deficiency status; liver is more accurate than blood
Copper supplementation options include boluses, drenches, injectable copper, and mineral licks
Over-supplementation causes fatal copper toxicity, so diagnosis before treatment is essential
Certain breeds (Texels, Suffolks) are more susceptible to copper deficiency than others

Welfare Considerations

Swayback lambs are born unable to stand or walk properly - a welfare tragedy that is entirely preventable with appropriate maternal copper supplementation during pregnancy. Beyond swayback, subclinical copper deficiency suppresses immune function, impairs wool quality, and reduces growth rates, representing chronic welfare compromise across the flock. Targeted supplementation based on blood and liver testing avoids both deficiency and the equally serious toxicity risk.

What You Can Do

Test blood and liver copper levels in ewes before the breeding season
Supplement copper-deficient ewes during pregnancy to prevent swayback in lambs
Use copper boluses or injections under veterinary guidance rather than guessing
Monitor high-molybdenum and sulfur pastures for secondary deficiency risk
Select breeds appropriate to your area's copper status when possible