Long-distance live export of cattle for slaughter or feeding remains one of the most contested animal welfare issues globally, with evidence of significant welfare compromise during voyages.
Live export welfare involves the cumulative stressors of loading, sea voyage, and destination handling - often under conditions with limited oversight. The welfare argument against live export is that animals experience prolonged stress during voyages and may be slaughtered at destinations without effective stunning. The industry counter-argument involves economic benefits to producer countries and claims of improved welfare through supply chain assurance programs. The welfare evidence from investigated incidents suggests that assurance programs have not consistently achieved the welfare standards claimed. The shift toward chilled meat exports would eliminate the welfare costs of prolonged live transport while preserving trade relationships.