Spotted hyenas in zoos present unusual welfare challenges because their complex social structures — including female dominance hierarchies — are difficult to replicate and maintain in captive groups.
The highly structured social world of spotted hyenas cannot be replicated in small captive groups, creating chronic social stress from rank instability. Cognitively complex animals in barren or under-stimulating environments develop compulsive stereotypic behaviors that reflect significant psychological suffering. The specialized welfare needs of hyenas mean that few facilities can provide conditions that meet their behavioral requirements.