Improving welfare conditions for giraffes in zoological collections through evidence-based management.
Giraffe zoo welfare has advanced substantially through the development of evidence-based husbandry standards that address the species' complex feeding ecology, social structure, and vulnerability to stress and disease. The elevation of feed stations to simulate natural browsing posture represents a simple but important welfare improvement that has been widely adopted. The risk of metabolic disease from inappropriate nutrition is high in captive giraffes, making dietary management particularly important. Conservation breeding programs for reticulated and other threatened giraffe subspecies provide welfare justification for maintaining captive populations managed to high standards.