The global transition from conventional cages to cage-free laying hen housing represents a major welfare improvement but also raises implementation challenges that determine whether welfare benefits are realized in practice.
Cage-free transitions represent genuine welfare progress when implemented well, but the transition itself and implementation quality determine whether welfare benefits are achieved. Poorly managed cage-free systems with inadequate litter quality, insufficient perch space, or excessive stocking density can have worse welfare outcomes than well-managed enriched colony systems. The key welfare determinants in cage-free systems are: sufficient litter depth and quality for dustbathing, adequate perch provision at appropriate heights, functional nest boxes per hen ratio, and management skill in disease prevention and injury reduction. Corporate commitments that specify higher-welfare cage-free standards rather than minimal cage-free compliance generate better outcomes.