Commercial turkey breeds have been selectively bred for extreme breast muscle growth that causes severe welfare problems, making turkey welfare reform one of the most pressing issues in farmed bird welfare.
Commercial turkey welfare is severely compromised by selective breeding that has prioritised breast yield over bird health. The extreme musculature makes walking painful and difficult, cardiovascular systems are strained, and respiratory problems are common. The inability to mate naturally means artificial insemination is universal - a stressful procedure involving catching, handling, and restraint of both males and females. Heat stress is a major welfare challenge. The welfare contrast with heritage breeds - which can walk freely, mate naturally, and live to older ages - demonstrates that these problems are not inherent to turkey farming but result from specific breeding decisions.