Non-human primates are used in biomedical research in the UK under strict regulation, but their cognitive complexity makes captivity and experimental procedures inherently welfare-challenging.
Non-human primate welfare in research is a particularly challenging ethical area given their cognitive complexity. Primates have sophisticated social structures, emotional lives, and problem-solving abilities that make captivity inherently welfare-limiting. Even well-managed facilities cannot replicate the social richness and environmental complexity of natural habitats. Experimental procedures including blood sampling, behaviour testing, and surgical interventions cause varying degrees of pain and stress. UK regulation requires the highest standard of 3Rs implementation for primate research, and welfare assessment using validated tools is mandatory. Public and scientific debate continues about the appropriate limits of primate research.