Horses, donkeys, and mules provide essential livelihoods for millions of families in low-income countries, with welfare improvement programs demonstrating sustainable impact.
Working equines in low-income contexts often suffer from welfare problems that their owners cannot afford to address or do not know how to prevent. The economic dependence on the animal creates a welfare alignment - sick or lame animals cannot work, so owners have real motivation to maintain their health. The challenge is access to knowledge and veterinary care rather than indifference. Programs that combine practical skills training with affordable veterinary services achieve lasting welfare improvements.