Ducks are semi-aquatic birds with strong evolutionary drives to access open water, and the provision or denial of swimming and bathing water in commercial production has significant welfare implications.
Denying ducks access to bathing water represents a fundamental failure to meet a basic behavioral need. Ducks prevented from bathing show reduced plumage quality, increased eye problems, and display high motivation to access water when given the opportunity - indicating significant frustration when denied. The welfare difference between minimal drinker access and genuine bathing water provision is substantial and represents a clear improvement achievable through modest changes to housing systems.