The concentration of livestock genetics into a small number of elite breeds and sires threatens both genetic diversity and the welfare resilience that diverse genetics provides against disease and environmental challenges.
Genetic concentration in livestock populations creates welfare risks through reduced disease resistance, loss of adaptation to local environments, and vulnerability to conditions that affect genetically similar animals simultaneously. Native breeds that evolved in specific conditions often demonstrate superior welfare outcomes in those environments through disease resistance, foot health, and temperament suited to local management. The Holstein-Friesian dominance of dairy production has prioritized milk yield genetics while welfare traits including longevity, ease of calving, and disease resistance have received less selection pressure. Diversifying genetics improves welfare resilience.