International trade in animal products has complex welfare implications. Trade agreements can either undermine domestic welfare standards or be used to raise global welfare standards through market access conditions.
International trade policy has profound but often overlooked implications for animal welfare. Domestic welfare standards can be undercut if lower-welfare imports can compete on price, creating pressure to reduce standards. Conversely, market access conditions requiring welfare standards in exporting countries can spread welfare improvements globally. The UK's post-Brexit trade policy represents a critical juncture where decisions about welfare equivalency could either maintain and raise standards or create downward pressure. Consumer-facing information through country of origin labelling allows market mechanisms to function in support of welfare, but only if consumers are sufficiently informed and motivated. International harmonization of welfare standards through bodies like WOAH provides a framework, but enforcement mechanisms at the international level remain weak.